A Comprehensive Review of Dairy Cattle Management: Best Practices for Sustainable and Efficient Milk Production

Abstract

Dairy cattle management is crucial for ensuring the efficient and sustainable production of high-quality milk. This review examines key practices and strategies involved in managing dairy cattle, focusing on nutrition, housing, breeding, health management, and emerging technologies. Proper nutrition, including balanced diets of forages and concentrates, is essential for maximizing milk production and maintaining cow health. Adequate housing and environmental conditions, including space, ventilation, and bedding, are vital for cow comfort and productivity. Advanced breeding techniques, such as artificial insemination and genetic testing, help improve milk yield and disease resistance. Effective health management, including vaccination and mastitis control, ensures the overall well-being of the herd. Furthermore, the integration of innovative technologies such as precision dairy farming and sustainable practices like waste management and climate-smart farming are transforming the industry, promoting both environmental sustainability and operational efficiency. This review highlights the importance of these management practices and their role in advancing dairy farming while addressing challenges posed by environmental and economic factors.